var Stopwatch = function(elem, options) {

  var timer = createTimer(),
    startButton = createButton("start", start),
    stopButton = createButton("stop", stop),
    resetButton = createButton("reset", reset),
    offset,
    clock,
    interval;

  // default options
  options = options || {};
  options.delay = options.delay || 1;

  // append elements     
  elem.appendChild(timer);
  elem.appendChild(startButton);
  elem.appendChild(stopButton);
  elem.appendChild(resetButton);

  // initialize
  reset();

  // private functions
  function createTimer() {
    return document.createElement("span");
  }

  function createButton(action, handler) {
    var a = document.createElement("a");
    a.href = "#" + action;
    a.innerHTML = action;
    a.addEventListener("click", function(event) {
      handler();
      event.preventDefault();
    });
    return a;
  }

  function start() {
    if (!interval) {
      offset = Date.now();
      interval = setInterval(update, options.delay);
    }
  }

  function stop() {
    if (interval) {
      clearInterval(interval);
      interval = null;
    }
  }

  function reset() {
    clock = 0;
    render(0);
  }

  function update() {
    clock += delta();
    render();
  }

  function render() {
    timer.innerHTML = clock / 1000;
  }

  function delta() {
    var now = Date.now(),
      d = now - offset;

    offset = now;
    return d;
  }

  // public API
  this.start = start;
  this.stop = stop;
  this.reset = reset;
};


// basic examples
var elems = document.getElementsByClassName("basic");

for (var i = 0, len = elems.length; i < len; i++) {
  new Stopwatch(elems[i]);
}


// programmatic examples
var a = document.getElementById("a-timer");
aTimer = new Stopwatch(a);
aTimer.start();

var b = document.getElementById("b-timer");
bTimer = new Stopwatch(b, {
  delay: 100
});
bTimer.start();

var c = document.getElementById("c-timer");
cTimer = new Stopwatch(c, {
  delay: 456
});
cTimer.start();

var d = document.getElementById("d-timer");
dTimer = new Stopwatch(d, {
  delay: 1000
});
dTimer.start();

.stopwatch {
  display: inline-block;
  background-color: white;
  border: 1px solid #eee;
  padding: 5px;
  margin: 5px;
}

.stopwatch span {
  font-weight: bold;
  display: block;
}

.stopwatch a {
  padding-right: 5px;
  text-decoration: none;
}

<h2>Basic example; update every 1 ms</h2>

<p>click <code>start</code> to start a stopwatch</p>

<pre>
var elems = document.getElementsByClassName("basic");
  
for (var i=0, len=elems.length; i&lt;len; i++) {
  new Stopwatch(elems[i]);
}
</pre>
<div class="basic stopwatch"></div>
<div class="basic stopwatch"></div>

<hr>
<h2>Programmatic example</h2>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> despite the varying <code>delay</code> settings, each stopwatch displays the correct time (in seconds)</p>

<pre>
var a = document.getElementById("a-timer");
aTimer = new Stopwatch(a);
aTimer.start();
</pre>
<div class="stopwatch" id="a-timer"></div>1 ms<br>

<pre>
var b = document.getElementById("b-timer");
bTimer = new Stopwatch(b, {delay: 100});
bTimer.start();
</pre>
<div class="stopwatch" id="b-timer"></div>100 ms<br>

<pre>
var c = document.getElementById("c-timer");
cTimer = new Stopwatch(c, {delay: 456});
cTimer.start();
</pre>
<div class="stopwatch" id="c-timer"></div>456 ms<br>

<pre>
var d = document.getElementById("d-timer");
dTimer = new Stopwatch(d, {delay: 1000});
dTimer.start();
</pre>
<div class="stopwatch" id="d-timer"></div>1000 ms<br>