一次又一次，我使用 eval 在 Stack Overflow 上看到 Bash 答案并且答案被抨击，双关语，因为使用了这种“邪恶”的结构。为什么是 eval这么邪恶？

如 eval不能安全使用，应该用什么代替？

最佳答案

这个问题远不止表面上的问题。我们将从显而易见的开始:eval有可能执行“脏”数据。脏数据是任何没有被重写为安全使用情况-XYZ 的数据；在我们的例子中，它是任何没有被格式化以便可以安全评估的字符串。

乍一看，清理数据似乎很容易。假设我们抛出一个选项列表，bash 已经提供了一种很好的方法来清理单个元素，以及另一种将整个数组清理为单个字符串的方法:

function println
{
    # Send each element as a separate argument, starting with the second element.
    # Arguments to printf:
    #   1 -> "$1\n"
    #   2 -> "$2"
    #   3 -> "$3"
    #   4 -> "$4"
    #   etc.

    printf "$1\n" "${@:2}"
}

function error
{
    # Send the first element as one argument, and the rest of the elements as a combined argument.
    # Arguments to println:
    #   1 -> '\e[31mError (%d): %s\e[m'
    #   2 -> "$1"
    #   3 -> "${*:2}"

    println '\e[31mError (%d): %s\e[m' "$1" "${*:2}"
    exit "$1"
}

# This...
error 1234 Something went wrong.
# And this...
error 1234 'Something went wrong.'
# Result in the same output (as long as $IFS has not been modified).

function println
{
    eval printf "$2\n" "${@:3}" $1
}

function error
{
    println '>&2' '\e[31mError (%d): %s\e[m' "$1" "${*:2}"
    exit $1
}

error 1234 Something went wrong.

function println
{
    eval 'printf "$2\n" "${@:3}"' $1
}

function error
{
    println '&2' '\e[31mError (%d): %s\e[m' "$1" "${*:2}"
    exit $1
}

error 1234 Something went wrong.

:

( command )   # Standard notation

$(command)   # Preferred
`command`    # Old: should be avoided, and often considered deprecated

# Nesting:
$(command1 "$(command2)")
`command "\`command\`"`  # Careful: \ only escapes $ and \ with old style, and
                         # special case \` results in nesting.

exec 3<&0         # Redirect from stdin
exec 3>&1         # Redirect to stdout
exec 3>&2         # Redirect to stderr
exec 3> /dev/null # Don't save output anywhere
exec 3> file.txt  # Redirect to file
exec 3> "$var"    # Redirect to file stored in $var--only works for files!
exec 3<&0 4>&1    # Input and output!

func arg1 arg2 3>&2

command <&3       # Redirect stdin
command >&3       # Redirect stdout
command 2>&3      # Redirect stderr
command &>&3      # Redirect stdout and stderr
command 2>&1 >&3  # idem, but for older bash versions
command >&3 2>&1  # Redirect stdout to &3, and stderr to stdout: order matters
command <&3 >&4   # Input and output!

VAR='1 2 3'
REF=VAR

eval "echo \"\$$REF\""

echo "${!REF}"

# Add to scenario:
VAR_2='4 5 6'

# We could use:
local ref="${REF}_2"
echo "${!ref}"

# Versus the bash < 2 method, which might be simpler to those accustomed to eval:
eval "echo \"\$${REF}_2\""

declare -A VAR   # Local
declare -gA VAR  # Global

# Use spaces between parentheses and contents; I've heard reports of subtle bugs
# on some versions when they are omitted having to do with spaces in keys.
declare -A VAR=( ['']='a' [0]='1' ['duck']='quack' )

VAR+=( ['alpha']='beta' [2]=3 )  # Combine arrays

VAR['cow']='moo'  # Set a single element
unset VAR['cow']  # Unset a single element

unset VAR     # Unset an entire array
unset VAR[@]  # Unset an entire array
unset VAR[*]  # Unset each element with a key corresponding to a file in the
              # current directory; if * doesn't expand, unset the entire array

local KEYS=( "${!VAR[@]}" )  # Get all of the keys in VAR

VAR=( )  # This will store our keys.

# Store a value with a simple key.
# You will need to declare it in a global scope to make it global prior to bash 4.
# In bash 4, use the -g option.
declare "VAR_$key"="$value"
VAR+="$key"
# Or, if your version is lacking +=
VAR=( "$VAR[@]" "$key" )

# Recover a simple value.
local var_key="VAR_$key"       # The name of the variable that holds the value
local var_value="${!var_key}"  # The actual value--requires bash 2
# For < bash 2, eval is required for this method.  Safe as long as $key is not dirty.
local var_value="`eval echo -n \"\$$var_value\""

# If you don't need to enumerate the indices quickly, and you're on bash 2+, this
# can be cut down to one line per operation:
declare "VAR_$key"="$value"                         # Store
echo "`var_key="VAR_$key" echo -n "${!var_key}"`"   # Retrieve

# If you're using more complex values, you'll need to hash your keys:
function mkkey
{
    local key="`mkpasswd -5R0 "$1" 00000000`"
    echo -n "${key##*$}"
}

local var_key="VAR_`mkkey "$key"`"
# ...

关于linux - 为什么在 Bash 中应该避免使用 eval，我应该使用什么来代替？，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17529220/