中英文对照表

英文	英文 - K8S CRD	中文	备注
certificates	Certificate	证书	certificates.cert-manager.io/v1
certificate issuers	Issuer	证书颁发者	issuers.cert-manager.io
	ClusterIssuer	集群证书颁发者	clusterissuers.cert-manager.io
certificate request	CertificateRequest	证书申请	certificaterequests.cert-manager.io
order	Order	（证书）订单	orders.acme.cert-manager.io
challenge	Challenge	（证书）挑战	challenges.acme.cert-manager.io
SelfSigned		自签名	cert-manager Issuer 的一种
CA		证书颁发机构	Certificate Authority 的缩写； cert-manager Issuer 的一种
Vault		金库	cert-manager Issuer 的一种，即 Hashicorp Vault
Venafi			Venafi 在线证书办理服务，目前用的不多。
External		外部	cert-manager Issuer 的一种
ACME		自动证书管理环境	Automated Certificate Management Environment 的缩写； cert-manager Issuer, 包括 HTTP01 和 DNS01

书接上回, 接下来看一下 cert-manager 的证书申请和续期流程.

申请 SSL 证书流程

这张图显示了使用 ACME/Let's Encrypt Issuer 的名为cert-1的证书的生命周期:

HTTP01 方式

cert-manager 可以用来从使用 ACME 协议的 CA 获得证书。ACME 协议支持各种 challenge 机制，用来证明一个域名的所有权，以便为该域名签发有效的证书。

其中一个 challenge 机制是 HTTP01 challenge。通过 HTTP01 challenge，你可以通过确保一个特定的文件存在于该域中来证明该域的所有权。如果你能够在给定的路径下发布给定的文件，就可以认为你控制了该域。

首先，配置 HTTP01 Issuer, 见上文

https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory 就是 Let's Encrypt 的生产环境。对应的，Staging 环境 的 URL 为：https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory

Staging 环境不会签发可信的证书，但用来确保在转移到生产环境之前，验证过程是正常工作的。Let's Encrypt 的生产环境施加了更严格的 速率限制，所以为了减少你触及这些限制的机会，强烈建议开始时先使用暂存环境。

ACME 协议的第一阶段是由客户向 ACME 服务器注册。这个阶段包括生成一个非对称密钥对，然后将其与发件人中指定的电子邮件地址联系起来 (?这里我没有填写邮箱）。请确保将这个电子邮件地址改为你自己的一个有效地址。它通常用于在你的证书即将更新时发送到期通知。生成的私钥被存储在一个名为`letsencrypt-staging'的 Secret 中。示例如下：

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: '2022-03-08T14:34:05Z'
  generation: 1
  labels:
    app: rancher
    app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
    chart: rancher-2.6.4
    heritage: Helm
    release: rancher
  name: tls-rancher-ingress
  namespace: cattle-system
status:
  conditions:
    - lastTransitionTime: '2022-03-08T14:39:35Z'
      message: Certificate is up to date and has not expired
      observedGeneration: 1
      reason: Ready
      status: 'True'
      type: Ready
  notAfter: '2022-08-05T12:40:37Z'
  notBefore: '2022-05-07T12:40:38Z'
  renewalTime: '2022-07-06T12:40:37Z'
  revision: 2
spec:
  dnsNames:
    - rancher.ewhisper.cn
  issuerRef:
    group: cert-manager.io
    kind: Issuer
    name: rancher
  secretName: tls-rancher-ingress
  usages:
    - digital signature
    - key encipherment

我们必须提供一个或多个 Solvers 来处理 ACME challenge。在这种情况下，我们想使用 HTTP 验证，所以我们指定了一个http01 Issuer - rancher。我们可以选择映射不同的域来使用不同的 Solver 配置。

一旦我们创建了上述发行者，我们就可以用它来获取证书。

证书资源描述了我们所需的证书以及可以用来获取证书的可能方法。如果成功获得证书，产生的密钥对将被存储在与证书相同命名空间的名为tls-rancher-ingress的 Secret 中。

该证书的 dnsname 为rancher.ewhisper.cn.

?Notes

如果上面的 yaml 删除 dnsNames, 替换为 commonName: ewhisper.cn，Subject Alternative Name（SAN） 将是ewhisper.cn和www.ewhisper.cn。

在我们的证书中，我们引用了上面的rancher Issuer。发行人必须与证书处于同一命名空间。如果你想引用ClusterIssuer，这是一个集群范围内的 Issuer，你必须添加kind:ClusterIssuer到 issuerRef 节中。

acme节定义了 ACME challenge 的配置。这里我们定义了 HTTP01 challenge 的配置，它将被用来验证域名所有权。为了验证 http01 节中提到的每个域的所有权，cert-manager 将创建一个 Pod、SVC 和 Ingress，暴露一个满足 HTTP01 challenge 的 HTTP 端点。

http01节中的ingress和ingressClass字段可以用来控制 cert-manager 与 Ingress 资源的交互方式。

• 如果指定了 ingress 字段，那么在与证书相同的 NameSpace 中，具有相同名称的 Ingress 资源必须已经存在，它将被修改，只是为了添加适当的规则以解决 challenge 。这个字段对 ingress 控制器以及其他一些为每个 ingress 资源分配一个公共 IP 地址的控制器很有用。如果没有人工干预，创建一个新的 Ingress 资源将导致任何 challenge 失败。
• 如果指定了 ingressClass 字段，将创建一个具有随机生成的名称的新入口资源，以解决 challenge 。这个新资源将有一个注释，其 key 是kubernetes.io/ingress.class 值设置为 ingressClass 的 field. 这适用于 NGINX ingress controller 等。
• 如果两者都没有指定，新的 Ingress 资源将以随机生成的名称被创建，但它们不会有 ingressClass 注释的设置。
• 如果两者都被指定，那么 ingress 字段将被优先考虑。

一旦域名所有权得到验证，任何受影响的 cert-manager 资源将被清理或删除。

? 注意：

你有责任将每个域名指向你的入口控制器的正确 IP 地址。（就是配置 DNS 记录的活还是需要你自己来做。)

在创建上述证书后，我们可以使用kubectl describe检查它是否已经成功获得。

$ kubectl describe certificate example-com
Events:
  Type    Reason          Age      From          Message
  ----    ------          ----     ----          -------
  Normal  CreateOrder     57m      cert-manager  Created new ACME order, attempting validation...
  Normal  DomainVerified  55m      cert-manager  Domain "example.com" verified with "http-01" validation
  Normal  DomainVerified  55m      cert-manager  Domain "www.example.com" verified with "http-01" validation
  Normal  IssueCert       55m      cert-manager  Issuing certificate...
  Normal  CertObtained    55m      cert-manager  Obtained certificate from ACME server
  Normal  CertIssued      55m      cert-manager  Certificate issued successfully

你也可以用kubectl get secret tls-rancher-ingress -o yaml来检查发行是否成功。你应该看到一个 base64 编码的 TLS 密钥对。

一旦我们获得了证书，cert-manager 将定期检查它的有效性，并在它接近到期时尝试更新。当证书上的 Not After 字段小于当前时间加 30 天时，cert-manager 认为证书接近到期。

证书更新

我的证书之前已经申请到了，前几天更新的过程日志记录如下(可以对照上文的证书生命周期来看):

I0507 13:39:31.141402       1 trigger_controller.go:181] cert-manager/certificates-trigger "msg"="Certificate must be re-issued" "key"="cattle-system/tls-rancher-ingress" "message"="Renewing certificate as renewal was scheduled at 2022-05-07 13:39:31 +0000 UTC" "reason"="Renewing"
I0507 13:39:31.143437       1 conditions.go:201] Setting lastTransitionTime for Certificate "tls-rancher-ingress" condition "Issuing" to 2022-05-07 13:39:31.142484989 +0000 UTC m=+186628.212145824
I0507 13:39:31.807902       1 controller.go:161] cert-manager/certificates-key-manager "msg"="re-queuing item due to optimistic locking on resource" "key"="cattle-system/tls-rancher-ingress" "error"="Operation cannot be fulfilled on certificates.cert-manager.io \"tls-rancher-ingress\": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again"
I0507 13:39:31.928746       1 conditions.go:261] Setting lastTransitionTime for CertificateRequest "tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm" condition "Approved" to 2022-05-07 13:39:31.927475704 +0000 UTC m=+186628.997136533
I0507 13:39:32.181390       1 conditions.go:261] Setting lastTransitionTime for CertificateRequest "tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm" condition "Ready" to 2022-05-07 13:39:32.181379458 +0000 UTC m=+186629.251040270
I0507 13:39:32.263457       1 controller.go:161] cert-manager/certificaterequests-issuer-acme "msg"="re-queuing item due to optimistic locking on resource" "key"="cattle-system/tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm" "error"="Operation cannot be fulfilled on certificaterequests.cert-manager.io \"tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm\": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again"
I0507 13:39:41.306332       1 pod.go:71] cert-manager/challenges/http01/ensurePod "msg"="creating HTTP01 challenge solver pod" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
I0507 13:39:41.621639       1 pod.go:59] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensurePod "msg"="found one existing HTTP01 solver pod" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "related_resource_kind"="Pod" "related_resource_name"="cm-acme-http-solver-pglxk" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
I0507 13:39:41.621784       1 service.go:43] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensureService "msg"="found one existing HTTP01 solver Service for challenge resource" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "related_resource_kind"="Service" "related_resource_name"="cm-acme-http-solver-xsqkb" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
E0507 13:39:41.837584       1 sync.go:186] cert-manager/challenges "msg"="propagation check failed" "error"="wrong status code '404', expected '200'" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
I0507 13:39:42.027681       1 pod.go:59] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensurePod "msg"="found one existing HTTP01 solver pod" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "related_resource_kind"="Pod" "related_resource_name"="cm-acme-http-solver-pglxk" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
I0507 13:39:42.027757       1 service.go:43] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensureService "msg"="found one existing HTTP01 solver Service for challenge resource" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "related_resource_kind"="Service" "related_resource_name"="cm-acme-http-solver-xsqkb" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
I0507 13:39:42.027811       1 ingress.go:110] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensureIngress "msg"="multiple challenge solver ingresses found for challenge. cleaning up all existing ingresses." "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
E0507 13:39:42.076190       1 controller.go:102] ingress 'cattle-system/cm-acme-http-solver-knwm8' in work queue no longer exists
E0507 13:39:42.100492       1 controller.go:102] ingress 'cattle-system/cm-acme-http-solver-59gvf' in work queue no longer exists
E0507 13:39:42.101020       1 sync.go:186] cert-manager/challenges "msg"="propagation check failed" "error"="multiple existing challenge solver ingresses found and cleaned up. retrying challenge sync" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
...
E0507 13:40:22.187779       1 sync.go:386] cert-manager/challenges/acceptChallenge "msg"="error waiting for authorization" "error"="context deadline exceeded" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
E0507 13:40:22.188198       1 controller.go:163] cert-manager/challenges "msg"="re-queuing item due to error processing" "error"="context deadline exceeded" "key"="cattle-system/tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" 
I0507 13:40:27.188948       1 pod.go:59] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensurePod "msg"="found one existing HTTP01 solver pod" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "related_resource_kind"="Pod" "related_resource_name"="cm-acme-http-solver-pglxk" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
I0507 13:40:27.190011       1 service.go:43] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensureService "msg"="found one existing HTTP01 solver Service for challenge resource" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "related_resource_kind"="Service" "related_resource_name"="cm-acme-http-solver-xsqkb" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
I0507 13:40:27.190749       1 ingress.go:98] cert-manager/challenges/http01/selfCheck/http01/ensureIngress "msg"="found one existing HTTP01 solver ingress" "dnsName"="rancher.ewhisper.cn" "related_resource_kind"="Ingress" "related_resource_name"="cm-acme-http-solver-cmp2c" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" "type"="HTTP-01" 
E0507 13:40:38.478817       1 controller.go:102] ingress 'cattle-system/cm-acme-http-solver-cmp2c' in work queue no longer exists
I0507 13:40:39.806118       1 acme.go:209] cert-manager/certificaterequests-issuer-acme/sign "msg"="certificate issued" "related_resource_kind"="Order" "related_resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963" "related_resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "related_resource_version"="v1" "resource_kind"="CertificateRequest" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" 
I0507 13:40:39.809106       1 conditions.go:250] Found status change for CertificateRequest "tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm" condition "Ready": "False" -> "True"; setting lastTransitionTime to 2022-05-07 13:40:39.809091738 +0000 UTC m=+186696.878752561
I0507 13:40:40.068059       1 controller.go:161] cert-manager/certificates-issuing "msg"="re-queuing item due to optimistic locking on resource" "key"="cattle-system/tls-rancher-ingress" "error"="Operation cannot be fulfilled on certificates.cert-manager.io \"tls-rancher-ingress\": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again"
I0507 13:40:40.168307       1 controller.go:161] cert-manager/certificates-key-manager "msg"="re-queuing item due to optimistic locking on resource" "key"="cattle-system/tls-rancher-ingress" "error"="Operation cannot be fulfilled on certificates.cert-manager.io \"tls-rancher-ingress\": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again"
E0507 13:40:41.298717       1 sync.go:70] cert-manager/orders "msg"="failed to update status" "error"=null "resource_kind"="Order" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963" "resource_namespace"="cattle-system" "resource_version"="v1" 
I0507 13:40:41.299059       1 controller.go:161] cert-manager/orders "msg"="re-queuing item due to optimistic locking on resource" "key"="cattle-system/tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963" "error"="Operation cannot be fulfilled on orders.acme.cert-manager.io \"tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963\": the object has been modified; please apply your changes to the latest version and try again"
E0507 13:40:41.331531       1 controller.go:211] cert-manager/challenges "msg"="challenge in work queue no longer exists" "error"="challenge.acme.cert-manager.io \"tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508\" not found"  

1. cert-manager/certificates-trigger 触发证书 renew(Certificate 里有一个 renewalTime 字段记录该时间）

2. tls-rancher-ingress 证书的状态变为 "Issuing"

3. 创建了一个新的 CertificateRequest - tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm, 状态变为 "Approved", 具体内容如下：

   apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
   kind: CertificateRequest
   metadata:
     annotations:
       cert-manager.io/certificate-name: tls-rancher-ingress
       cert-manager.io/certificate-revision: '2'
       cert-manager.io/private-key-secret-name: tls-rancher-ingress-nttqs
     creationTimestamp: '2022-05-07T13:39:31Z'
     generateName: tls-rancher-ingress-
     generation: 1
     name: tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm
     namespace: cattle-system
     ownerReferences:
       - apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
         blockOwnerDeletion: true
         controller: true
         kind: Certificate
         name: tls-rancher-ingress
     resourceVersion: '20868343'
   status:
     certificate: >-
       ...
     conditions:
       - lastTransitionTime: '2022-05-07T13:39:31Z'
         message: Certificate request has been approved by cert-manager.io
         reason: cert-manager.io
         status: 'True'
         type: Approved
       - lastTransitionTime: '2022-05-07T13:40:39Z'
         message: Certificate fetched from issuer successfully
         reason: Issued
         status: 'True'
         type: Ready
   spec:
     extra:
       authentication.kubernetes.io/pod-name:
         - cert-manager-6d6bb4f487-525q9
       authentication.kubernetes.io/pod-uid:
         - 857565c8-b05c-4114-8e94-14960476f90e
     groups:
       - system:serviceaccounts
       - system:serviceaccounts:cert-manager
       - system:authenticated
     issuerRef:
       group: cert-manager.io
       kind: Issuer
       name: rancher
     request: >-
       <-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----... 的 base64 编码>
     usages:
       - digital signature
       - key encipherment
     username: system:serviceaccount:cert-manager:cert-manager
   

4. CertificateRequest - tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm, 的状态变为 "Ready"

5. 创建 HTTP01 challenge solver pod - "resource_kind"="Challenge" "resource_name"="tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963-983401508"

6. 前几次 challenge 失败，404: "msg"="propagation check failed" "error"="wrong status code '404', expected '200'"

7. 经过多次，最终成功：

   1. "msg"="certificate issued" "related_resource_kind"="Order" (开始renew 后, 创建完 CertificateRequest 就开始创建 Order)
   2. Found status change for CertificateRequest "tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm" condition "Ready": "False" -> "True"; setting lastTransitionTime to 2022-05-07 13:40:39.809091738 +0000 UTC m=+186696.878752561

成功后，Challenge 被删除，Order 的状态变为 valid, 如下：

apiVersion: acme.cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Order
metadata:
  annotations:
    cert-manager.io/certificate-name: tls-rancher-ingress
    cert-manager.io/certificate-revision: '2'
    cert-manager.io/private-key-secret-name: tls-rancher-ingress-nttqs
  creationTimestamp: '2022-05-07T13:39:32Z'
  name: tls-rancher-ingress-5j9mm-2528720963
  namespace: cattle-system
status:
  authorizations:
    - challenges:
        - token: WkoIW-...
          type: http-01
          url: >-
            https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/chall-v3/.../...
        - token: WkoIW-...
          type: dns-01
          url: >-
            https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/chall-v3/.../...
        - token: WkoIW-...
          type: tls-alpn-01
          url: >-
            https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/chall-v3/.../...
      identifier: rancher.ewhisper.cn
      initialState: pending
      url: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/authz-v3/...
      wildcard: false
  certificate: >-
    ...
  finalizeURL: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/finalize/.../...
  state: valid
  url: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/order/.../...
spec:
  dnsNames:
    - rancher.ewhisper.cn
  issuerRef:
    group: cert-manager.io
    kind: Issuer
    name: rancher
  request: >-
    ...

最终 Certificate 的状态也发生更新，新的证书更新进对应的 Secret 中。如下：

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: tls-rancher-ingress
  namespace: cattle-system
status:
  notAfter: '2022-08-05T12:40:37Z'
  notBefore: '2022-05-07T12:40:38Z'
  renewalTime: '2022-07-06T12:40:37Z'
  revision: 2
...

DNS01 方式

cert-manager 可以用来从使用 ACME 协议的 CA 获得证书。ACME 协议支持各种 challenge 机制，用来证明一个域名的所有权，以便为该域名签发有效的证书。

其中一个 challenge 机制是 DNS01。通过 DNS01 challenge ，你可以通过证明你控制了一个域名的 DNS 记录来证明它的所有权。这是通过创建一个具有特定内容的 TXT 记录来实现的，该记录证明你对该域名的 DNS 记录有控制权。

之前的 Issuer 定义了启用 DNS 验证的一些必要信息。指定的还是 Let's Encrypt 的生产环境：https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory

dns01 字段包含一个 DNS01 提供者的列表，可用于解决 DNS challenge。这里我只定义了一个 webhook 实现的提供者 - dnspod。

只要我们创建了上述发行者，我们就可以用它来获得证书：

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Certificate
metadata:
  name: ewhisper-crt
  namespace: cert-manager
spec:
  dnsNames:
  - ewhisper.cn
  - '*.ewhisper.cn'
  issuerRef:
    group: cert-manager.io
    kind: ClusterIssuer
    name: dnspod
  secretName: ewhisper-crt-secret

证书 CRD 描述了我们所需的证书以及可以用来获取证书的可能方法。你可以像其他域名一样获得通配符域名的证书。请确保在你的 YAML 资源中用星号包裹通配符域名，以避免格式问题。这里我在同一个证书上同时指定ewhisper.cn和*.ewhisper.cn，那么执行验证的时间会稍微长一些，因为每个域名必须一个一个地被验证。

? Thinking:

我的通配符证书，在 2022.4.30 开始更新，然后直到 2022.5.8 才更新成功，不知道是不是因为这个原因。

如果成功获得证书，产生的密钥对将被存储在与证书相同命名空间的名为ewhisper-crt-secret的 Secret 中。

该证书的通用名称为*.ewhisper.cn。

在我们的证书中，我们引用了上面的dnspod ClusterIssuer, 这种情况下 Issuer 可以与证书不处于同一命名空间。

acme 节定义了我们的 ACME challenge 的配置。这里我们定义了 DNS challenge 的配置，它将被用来验证域名所有权。对于dns01节中提到的每个域名，cert-manager 将使用被引用的 Issue 的提供者的证书来创建一个名为_acme-challenge的 TXT 记录。这条记录将由 ACME 服务器验证，以便签发证书。一旦域名所有权被验证，任何受 cert-manager 影响的记录都将被清理掉。

DNS 服务器我用的是 DNSPod, 这里创建 TXT 的记录如下：

2022-05-08 19:05:39: (<my-public-ip>) 删除记录 TXT 记录 默认 线路 _acme-challenge 值 mfaEFIBPUFzh1ub7Ek05v-bN-fwsdfwdfwdfwedw (1117684179) Uin:<my-uin> Real Client IP:<my-public-ip> API FROM:YUNAPI
2022-05-08 19:04:27: (<my-public-ip>) 添加 TXT 记录 默认 线路 _acme-challenge 值 mfaEFIBPUFzh1ub7Ek05v-bN-fwsdfwdfwdfwedw (1117684179) Uin:<my-uin> Real Client IP:<my-public-ip> API FROM:YUNAPI
2022-05-08 19:04:26: (<my-public-ip>) 删除记录 TXT 记录 默认 线路 _acme-challenge 值 cVxv2s9P_UvThEB2DLcZxfwdfwdfwdwds8Ogv_k (1117683586) Uin:<my-uin> Real Client IP:<my-public-ip> API FROM:YUNAPI
2022-05-08 19:03:12: (<my-public-ip>) 添加 TXT 记录 默认 线路 _acme-challenge 值 cVxv2s9P_UvThEB2DLcZxfwdfwdfwdwds8Ogv_k (1117683586) Uin:<my-uin> Real Client IP:<my-public-ip> API FROM:YUNAPI
2022-05-08 18:04:21: (<my-public-ip>) 删除记录 TXT 记录 默认 线路 _acme-challenge 值 QYLKuSmlK6aWmD64hhExOwdfwdfwdfwdcwdk5bfRCLAI (1117656075) Uin:<my-uin> Real Client IP:<my-public-ip> API FROM:YUNAPI
2022-05-08 18:03:07: (<my-public-ip>) 添加 TXT 记录 默认 线路 _acme-challenge 值 QYLKuSmlK6aWmD64hhExOwdfwdfwdfwdcwdk5bfRCLAI (1117656075) Uin:<my-uin> Real Client IP:<my-public-ip> API FROM:YUNAPI

其他方面就和 HTTP01 是类似的，这里不再做过多的说明。

在这里，用的是 <imroc.cc> 开发的 cert-manager 插件 - cert-manager-webhook-dnspod.

参考的是 这篇文章配置的 dnspod 的 cert-manager webhook

结合上面的流程, 下面来了解一下 cert-manager 的相关概念

系列文章

• cert-manager TAG

?️ 参考文档

• cert-manager - cert-manager Documentation
• 使用 cert-manager 为 dnspod 的域名签发免费证书 | kubernetes 学习笔记 (imroc.cc)