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python - 安装 python-dev 和链接库后，Cython 中的 Hello World 程序因 gcc 而失败

coder 2023-06-19 原文

我创建了一个简单的 hello world 程序，并尝试使用 gcc 执行生成的 C 程序，但无论我做什么，我都会得到一大堆 undefined reference 。

SO 上有很多类似的问题，但他们都说要安装 python-dev(或它的某些变体)或添加用于链接和加载库的标志，但我已经尝试了这两个选项。

你好.py

def main():
    print "Hello, World!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

我跑:

cython --embed hello.py

然后我尝试以以下形式运行 gcc 的一些变体:

gcc -I /usr/include/python2.7/ -L /usr/lib/python2.7 -lpython2.7 hello.c -o hello

我得到“Python.h”文件未找到或以下错误消息:

/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr':
hello.c:(.text+0x95): undefined reference to `PyObject_GetAttr'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__pyx_pf_5hello_main':
hello.c:(.text+0x149): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x150): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x15b): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_InitCachedConstants':
hello.c:(.text+0x1fd): undefined reference to `PyCode_New'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `inithello':
hello.c:(.text+0x2f4): undefined reference to `PyTuple_New'
hello.c:(.text+0x33d): undefined reference to `PyString_FromStringAndSize'
hello.c:(.text+0x3bd): undefined reference to `Py_InitModule4_64'
hello.c:(.text+0x423): undefined reference to `PyModule_GetDict'
hello.c:(.text+0x478): undefined reference to `PyImport_AddModule'
hello.c:(.text+0x4cd): undefined reference to `PyObject_SetAttrString'
hello.c:(.text+0x53b): undefined reference to `PyObject_SetAttrString'
hello.c:(.text+0x644): undefined reference to `PyDict_SetItem'
hello.c:(.text+0x7c8): undefined reference to `PyMethod_Type'
hello.c:(.text+0x9ac): undefined reference to `PyDict_New'
hello.c:(.text+0x9f8): undefined reference to `PyDict_SetItem'
hello.c:(.text+0xb79): undefined reference to `PyErr_Occurred'
hello.c:(.text+0xb85): undefined reference to `PyExc_ImportError'
hello.c:(.text+0xb92): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_FetchCommonType':
hello.c:(.text+0xbb3): undefined reference to `PyImport_AddModule'
hello.c:(.text+0xbf1): undefined reference to `PyObject_GetAttrString'
hello.c:(.text+0xc24): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0xc36): undefined reference to `PyErr_Format'
hello.c:(.text+0xc63): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0xc75): undefined reference to `PyErr_Format'
hello.c:(.text+0xc81): undefined reference to `PyExc_AttributeError'
hello.c:(.text+0xc89): undefined reference to `PyErr_ExceptionMatches'
hello.c:(.text+0xc97): undefined reference to `PyErr_Clear'
hello.c:(.text+0xca3): undefined reference to `PyType_Ready'
hello.c:(.text+0xcc4): undefined reference to `PyObject_SetAttrString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc':
hello.c:(.text+0xdae): undefined reference to `PyString_FromString'
hello.c:(.text+0xdda): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0xde5): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0xdea): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc':
hello.c:(.text+0xe33): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name':
hello.c:(.text+0xec7): undefined reference to `PyString_InternFromString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name':
hello.c:(.text+0xf51): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0xf5e): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_qualname':
hello.c:(.text+0x103d): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0x104a): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_self':
hello.c:(.text+0x10e3): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict':
hello.c:(.text+0x1122): undefined reference to `PyDict_New'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_dict':
hello.c:(.text+0x118a): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0x1197): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
hello.c:(.text+0x11ca): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0x11d7): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure':
hello.c:(.text+0x127c): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x1287): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x128c): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code':
hello.c:(.text+0x12b2): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults':
hello.c:(.text+0x13ba): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o:hello.c:(.text+0x13c4): more undefined references to `_Py_NoneStruct' follow
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults':
hello.c:(.text+0x13e6): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0x13f3): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults':
hello.c:(.text+0x14d6): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_kwdefaults':
hello.c:(.text+0x150d): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x1517): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x1539): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0x1546): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults':
hello.c:(.text+0x1629): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_set_annotations':
hello.c:(.text+0x1660): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x168c): undefined reference to `PyExc_TypeError'
hello.c:(.text+0x1699): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations':
hello.c:(.text+0x1748): undefined reference to `PyDict_New'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_reduce':
hello.c:(.text+0x17ad): undefined reference to `PyString_FromString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_New':
hello.c:(.text+0x17da): undefined reference to `_PyObject_GC_New'
hello.c:(.text+0x1957): undefined reference to `PyObject_GC_Track'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_clear':
hello.c:(.text+0x1e72): undefined reference to `PyMem_Free'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_dealloc':
hello.c:(.text+0x1e9d): undefined reference to `PyObject_GC_UnTrack'
hello.c:(.text+0x1eb6): undefined reference to `PyObject_ClearWeakRefs'
hello.c:(.text+0x1ece): undefined reference to `PyObject_GC_Del'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_descr_get':
hello.c:(.text+0x224a): undefined reference to `PyMethod_New'
hello.c:(.text+0x2254): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x2275): undefined reference to `PyMethod_New'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_repr':
hello.c:(.text+0x2293): undefined reference to `PyString_AsString'
hello.c:(.text+0x22a9): undefined reference to `PyString_FromFormat'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CyFunction_Call':
hello.c:(.text+0x22d6): undefined reference to `PyCFunction_Call'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__pyx_CyFunction_init':
hello.c:(.text+0x22e7): undefined reference to `PyCFunction_Call'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_GetBuiltinName':
hello.c:(.text+0x2357): undefined reference to `PyExc_NameError'
hello.c:(.text+0x2369): undefined reference to `PyErr_Format'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName':
hello.c:(.text+0x2391): undefined reference to `PyDict_GetItem'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PyBytes_Equals':
hello.c:(.text+0x2409): undefined reference to `PyString_Type'
hello.c:(.text+0x241a): undefined reference to `PyString_Type'
hello.c:(.text+0x24e2): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x24f3): undefined reference to `PyString_Type'
hello.c:(.text+0x2513): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x2524): undefined reference to `PyString_Type'
hello.c:(.text+0x254f): undefined reference to `PyObject_RichCompare'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PyObject_Call':
hello.c:(.text+0x25f6): undefined reference to `PyObject_Call'
hello.c:(.text+0x2602): undefined reference to `_PyThreadState_Current'
hello.c:(.text+0x2614): undefined reference to `_Py_CheckRecursionLimit'
hello.c:(.text+0x262b): undefined reference to `_Py_CheckRecursiveCall'
hello.c:(.text+0x265f): undefined reference to `_PyThreadState_Current'
hello.c:(.text+0x267d): undefined reference to `PyErr_Occurred'
hello.c:(.text+0x2692): undefined reference to `PyExc_SystemError'
hello.c:(.text+0x269f): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO':
hello.c:(.text+0x26d8): undefined reference to `_PyThreadState_Current'
hello.c:(.text+0x26ea): undefined reference to `_Py_CheckRecursionLimit'
hello.c:(.text+0x2701): undefined reference to `_Py_CheckRecursiveCall'
hello.c:(.text+0x2734): undefined reference to `_PyThreadState_Current'
hello.c:(.text+0x2752): undefined reference to `PyErr_Occurred'
hello.c:(.text+0x2767): undefined reference to `PyExc_SystemError'
hello.c:(.text+0x2774): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx__PyObject_CallOneArg':
hello.c:(.text+0x2794): undefined reference to `PyTuple_New'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg':
hello.c:(.text+0x2840): undefined reference to `PyCFunction_Type'
hello.c:(.text+0x2882): undefined reference to `PyType_IsSubtype'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg':
hello.c:(.text+0x28fe): undefined reference to `PyCFunction_Type'
hello.c:(.text+0x2940): undefined reference to `PyType_IsSubtype'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__pyx_insert_code_object':
hello.c:(.text+0x2ba0): undefined reference to `PyMem_Malloc'
hello.c:(.text+0x2d01): undefined reference to `PyMem_Realloc'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback':
hello.c:(.text+0x2e0b): undefined reference to `PyString_FromString'
hello.c:(.text+0x2e41): undefined reference to `PyString_FromFormat'
hello.c:(.text+0x2e53): undefined reference to `PyString_FromString'
hello.c:(.text+0x2ede): undefined reference to `PyCode_New'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_AddTraceback':
hello.c:(.text+0x305c): undefined reference to `_PyThreadState_Current'
hello.c:(.text+0x306d): undefined reference to `PyFrame_New'
hello.c:(.text+0x3090): undefined reference to `PyTraceBack_Here'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `main':
hello.c:(.text+0x3131): undefined reference to `Py_SetProgramName'
hello.c:(.text+0x3136): undefined reference to `Py_Initialize'
hello.c:(.text+0x3154): undefined reference to `PySys_SetArgv'
hello.c:(.text+0x3170): undefined reference to `PyErr_Occurred'
hello.c:(.text+0x317a): undefined reference to `PyErr_Print'
hello.c:(.text+0x317f): undefined reference to `Py_FlushLine'
hello.c:(.text+0x3188): undefined reference to `PyErr_Clear'
hello.c:(.text+0x31ce): undefined reference to `Py_Finalize'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_GetStdout':
hello.c:(.text+0x31e7): undefined reference to `PySys_GetObject'
hello.c:(.text+0x31f9): undefined reference to `PyExc_RuntimeError'
hello.c:(.text+0x3206): undefined reference to `PyErr_SetString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_Print':
hello.c:(.text+0x326f): undefined reference to `PyFile_SoftSpace'
hello.c:(.text+0x3284): undefined reference to `PyFile_WriteString'
hello.c:(.text+0x32bc): undefined reference to `PyFile_WriteObject'
hello.c:(.text+0x32ea): undefined reference to `PyString_AsString'
hello.c:(.text+0x32fa): undefined reference to `PyString_Size'
hello.c:(.text+0x333c): undefined reference to `PyFile_SoftSpace'
hello.c:(.text+0x3374): undefined reference to `PyFile_WriteString'
hello.c:(.text+0x338b): undefined reference to `PyFile_SoftSpace'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PrintOne':
hello.c:(.text+0x3453): undefined reference to `PyFile_SoftSpace'
hello.c:(.text+0x3468): undefined reference to `PyFile_WriteString'
hello.c:(.text+0x3486): undefined reference to `PyFile_WriteObject'
hello.c:(.text+0x349d): undefined reference to `PyFile_WriteString'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_check_binary_version':
hello.c:(.text+0x355b): undefined reference to `PyOS_snprintf'
hello.c:(.text+0x3560): undefined reference to `Py_GetVersion'
hello.c:(.text+0x3584): undefined reference to `PyOS_snprintf'
hello.c:(.text+0x35e0): undefined reference to `PyOS_snprintf'
hello.c:(.text+0x35f9): undefined reference to `PyErr_WarnEx'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_InitStrings':
hello.c:(.text+0x3667): undefined reference to `PyUnicodeUCS4_DecodeUTF8'
hello.c:(.text+0x368f): undefined reference to `PyString_InternFromString'
hello.c:(.text+0x36ba): undefined reference to `PyString_FromStringAndSize'
/tmp/ccxOQlAW.o: In function `__Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue':
hello.c:(.text+0x3708): undefined reference to `_Py_TrueStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x3719): undefined reference to `_Py_ZeroStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x372c): undefined reference to `_Py_NoneStruct'
hello.c:(.text+0x3749): undefined reference to `PyObject_IsTrue'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

我已经安装了 python-dev(及其变体)。用“python2.7/header_file”替换头文件仍然会导致 undefined reference 。我正在运行 Ubuntu Linux 3.13.0-73-generic。

如何让我的 cython 代码使用 gcc 进行编译？

谢谢。

编辑

找到/usr/include/-name Python.h 输出:

/usr/include/python2.7/Python.h
/usr/include/python3.4m/Python.h

找到/usr/lib* -name libpython2.7.so 输出:

/usr/lib/python2.7/config-x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython2.7.so

我在 64 位系统上构建，gcc 目标是 64 位 (--build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu)

最佳答案

最好使用 python2-config 来获取适当的标志以传递给您的编译器:

gcc `python2-config --cflags --ldflags` hello.c -o hello

因为您是在一次调用中进行编译和链接，所以您需要将 --cflags 和 --ldflags 传递给 python2-config 。

关于python - 安装 python-dev 和链接库后，Cython 中的 Hello World 程序因 gcc 而失败，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34637319/

pythonpython-devundefinedreferencehellolinuxgcccython

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