似乎 Java Streams 并行化的核心是 ForEachTask。理解其逻辑似乎对于获得必要的心智模型至关重要，该心智模型可以预测针对 Streams API 编写的客户端代码的并发行为。然而，我发现我的预期与实际行为相矛盾。

作为引用，这里是关键的 compute() 方法 (java/util/streams/ForEachOps.java:253):

public void compute() {
  Spliterator<S> rightSplit = spliterator, leftSplit;
  long sizeEstimate = rightSplit.estimateSize(), sizeThreshold;
  if ((sizeThreshold = targetSize) == 0L)
    targetSize = sizeThreshold = AbstractTask.suggestTargetSize(sizeEstimate);
  boolean isShortCircuit = StreamOpFlag.SHORT_CIRCUIT.isKnown(helper.getStreamAndOpFlags());
  boolean forkRight = false;
  Sink<S> taskSink = sink;
  ForEachTask<S, T> task = this;
  while (!isShortCircuit || !taskSink.cancellationRequested()) {
    if (sizeEstimate <= sizeThreshold ||
        (leftSplit = rightSplit.trySplit()) == null) {
      task.helper.copyInto(taskSink, rightSplit);
      break;
    }
    ForEachTask<S, T> leftTask = new ForEachTask<>(task, leftSplit);
    task.addToPendingCount(1);
    ForEachTask<S, T> taskToFork;
    if (forkRight) {
      forkRight = false;
      rightSplit = leftSplit;
      taskToFork = task;
      task = leftTask;
    }
    else {
      forkRight = true;
      taskToFork = leftTask;
    }
    taskToFork.fork();
    sizeEstimate = rightSplit.estimateSize();
  }
  task.spliterator = null;
  task.propagateCompletion();
}

在较高级别的描述中，主循环不断分解拆分器，交替 fork block 的处理并内联处理它，直到拆分器拒绝进一步拆分或剩余大小低于计算的阈值。

现在考虑上述算法在未确定大小的流的情况下，其中整体没有被分成大致相等的两半；相反，从流的头部重复取出预定大小的 block 。在这种情况下， block 的“建议目标大小”异常大，这基本上意味着 block 永远不会重新拆分为更小的 block 。

因此，该算法似乎交替地 fork 出一个 block ，然后处理一个内联 block 。如果每个 block 花费相同的时间来处理，这应该会导致使用不超过两个内核。然而，实际行为是我机器上的所有四个内核都被占用了。显然，我遗漏了该算法的一个重要拼图。

我缺少什么？

附录:测试代码

这是一段独立的代码，可用于测试作为该问题主题的行为:

package test;

import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS;
import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
import static test.FixedBatchSpliteratorWrapper.withFixedSplits;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

public class Parallelization {
  static final AtomicLong totalTime = new AtomicLong();
  static final ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
    final long start = System.nanoTime();
    final Path inputPath = createInput();
    System.out.println("Start processing");
    try (PrintWriter w = new PrintWriter(Files.newBufferedWriter(Paths.get("output.txt")))) {
      withFixedSplits(Files.newBufferedReader(inputPath).lines(), 200).map(Parallelization::processLine)
      .forEach(w::println);
    }
    final double cpuTime = totalTime.get(), realTime = System.nanoTime() - start;
    final int cores = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
    System.out.println("          Cores: " + cores);
    System.out.format("       CPU time: %.2f s\n", cpuTime / SECONDS.toNanos(1));
    System.out.format("      Real time: %.2f s\n", realTime / SECONDS.toNanos(1));
    System.out.format("CPU utilization: %.2f%%", 100.0 * cpuTime / realTime / cores);
  }
  private static String processLine(String line) {
    final long localStart = System.nanoTime();
    double ret = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < line.length(); i++)
      for (int j = 0; j < line.length(); j++)
        ret += Math.pow(line.charAt(i), line.charAt(j) / 32.0);
    final long took = System.nanoTime() - localStart;
    totalTime.getAndAdd(took);
    return NANOSECONDS.toMillis(took) + " " + ret;
  }
  private static Path createInput() throws IOException {
    final Path inputPath = Paths.get("input.txt");
    try (PrintWriter w = new PrintWriter(Files.newBufferedWriter(inputPath))) {
      for (int i = 0; i < 6_000; i++) {
        final String text = String.valueOf(System.nanoTime());
        for (int j = 0; j < 20; j++)
          w.print(text);
        w.println();
      }
    }
    return inputPath;
  }
}

package test;

import static java.util.Spliterators.spliterator;
import static java.util.stream.StreamSupport.stream;

import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.Spliterator;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

public class FixedBatchSpliteratorWrapper<T> implements Spliterator<T> {
  private final Spliterator<T> spliterator;
  private final int batchSize;
  private final int characteristics;
  private long est;

  public FixedBatchSpliteratorWrapper(Spliterator<T> toWrap, long est, int batchSize) {
    final int c = toWrap.characteristics();
    this.characteristics = (c & SIZED) != 0 ? c | SUBSIZED : c;
    this.spliterator = toWrap;
    this.batchSize = batchSize;
    this.est = est;
  }
  public FixedBatchSpliteratorWrapper(Spliterator<T> toWrap, int batchSize) {
    this(toWrap, toWrap.estimateSize(), batchSize);
  }

  public static <T> Stream<T> withFixedSplits(Stream<T> in, int batchSize) {
    return stream(new FixedBatchSpliteratorWrapper<>(in.spliterator(), batchSize), true);
  }

  @Override public Spliterator<T> trySplit() {
    final HoldingConsumer<T> holder = new HoldingConsumer<>();
    if (!spliterator.tryAdvance(holder)) return null;
    final Object[] a = new Object[batchSize];
    int j = 0;
    do a[j] = holder.value; while (++j < batchSize && tryAdvance(holder));
    if (est != Long.MAX_VALUE) est -= j;
    return spliterator(a, 0, j, characteristics());
  }
  @Override public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super T> action) {
    return spliterator.tryAdvance(action);
  }
  @Override public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super T> action) {
    spliterator.forEachRemaining(action);
  }
  @Override public Comparator<? super T> getComparator() {
    if (hasCharacteristics(SORTED)) return null;
    throw new IllegalStateException();
  }
  @Override public long estimateSize() { return est; }
  @Override public int characteristics() { return characteristics; }

  static final class HoldingConsumer<T> implements Consumer<T> {
    Object value;
    @Override public void accept(T value) { this.value = value; }
  }
}

最佳答案

具有讽刺意味的是，答案几乎已在问题中陈述:由于“左”和“右”任务轮流 fork 与内联处理，一半时间是正确的任务，由this，例如流的其余部分正在 fork 。这意味着 block 的 fork 只是稍微慢了一点(每隔一段时间发生一次)，但很明显它发生了。

关于java - 了解 Stream API ForEach Task 中的主循环，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23196461/