大家好 我使用 Hibernate+Struts2+Tomcat6+Mysql 作为我的 J2EE 框架。我一直在使用 hibernate 的内置连接池机制,但结果证明 mysql 在 8 小时后关闭它的连接是有问题的。无论如何,我搜索了一下,发现我应该通过 JNDI 数据源获得我的连接,但我无法找到一个好的和完整的教程。我应该采取哪些步骤来做到这一点?请给我足够的细节,我对此有点陌生。 这是我的 hibernate.cfg.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.url">
jdbc:mysql://localhost/hposg?characterEncoding=UTF-8
</property>
<property name="connection.username">root</property>
<property name="connection.password"></property>
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
<property name="current_session_context_class">thread</property>
<property name="cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.NoCacheProvider</property>
<property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>
<property name="hibernate.max_fetch_depth">3</property>
<property name="hibernate.connection.provider_class">org.hibernate.connection.C3P0ConnectionProvider</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.acquire_increment">2</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.idle_test_period">300</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.timeout">1800</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_size">25</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.min_size" >3</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_statement">0</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.preferredTestQuery">select 1;</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.testConnectionOnCheckout">true</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.validate">true</property>
<!-- Mapping files -->
<mapping resource="com/hposg/hibernate/resources/Player.hbm.xml"/>
<mapping resource="com/hposg/hibernate/resources/Game.hbm.xml"/>
...
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
我也试过了,但没有成功: 在 WebContent/META-INF 中创建一个 context.xml,其中包含:
<Context path="" docBase="../RSGames" debug="0" reloadable="true">
<Resource name="jdbc/RSGames" auth="Container" type="javax.sql.DataSource"
username="root"
password=""
driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/hposg?autoReconnect=true&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8"
maxActive="15"
maxIdle="7"
validationQuery="Select 1" />
</Context>
把它放在 web.xml 中:
<resource-ref>
<description>Connection Pool</description>
<res-ref-name>jdbc/RSGames</res-ref-name>
<res-type>javax.sql.Datasource</res-type>
<res-auth>Container</res-auth>
</resource-ref>
并像这样修改 hibernate 配置:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
...
<property name="connection.datasource">java:comp/env/jdbc/RSGames</property>
...
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
正如我之前提到的,它不会以这种方式连接到数据库。有什么想法吗?
[编辑] 当我执行应用程序时,我得到了这个异常:
Mar 16, 2011 12:29:13 AM com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask run
WARNING: com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask@1f18cbe -- Acquisition Attempt Failed!!! Clearing pending acquires. While trying to acquire a needed new resource, we failed to succeed more than the maximum number of allowed acquisition attempts (30). Last acquisition attempt exception:
java.lang.NullPointerException
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.getProtocol(Unknown Source)
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.knownURL(Unknown Source)
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.acceptsURL(Unknown Source)
at java.sql.DriverManager.getDriver(Unknown Source)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.DriverManagerDataSource.driver(DriverManagerDataSource.java:224)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.DriverManagerDataSource.getConnection(DriverManagerDataSource.java:120)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.getPooledConnection(WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.java:143)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.getPooledConnection(WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.java:132)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.C3P0PooledConnectionPool$1PooledConnectionResourcePoolManager.acquireResource(C3P0PooledConnectionPool.java:137)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.doAcquire(BasicResourcePool.java:1014)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.access$800(BasicResourcePool.java:32)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask.run(BasicResourcePool.java:1810)
at com.mchange.v2.async.ThreadPoolAsynchronousRunner$PoolThread.run(ThreadPoolAsynchronousRunner.java:547)
Mar 16, 2011 12:29:13 AM com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask run
WARNING: com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask@14f1726 -- Acquisition Attempt Failed!!! Clearing pending acquires. While trying to acquire a needed new resource, we failed to succeed more than the maximum number of allowed acquisition attempts (30). Last acquisition attempt exception:
java.lang.NullPointerException
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.getProtocol(Unknown Source)
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.knownURL(Unknown Source)
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.acceptsURL(Unknown Source)
at java.sql.DriverManager.getDriver(Unknown Source)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.DriverManagerDataSource.driver(DriverManagerDataSource.java:224)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.DriverManagerDataSource.getConnection(DriverManagerDataSource.java:120)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.getPooledConnection(WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.java:143)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.getPooledConnection(WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.java:132)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.C3P0PooledConnectionPool$1PooledConnectionResourcePoolManager.acquireResource(C3P0PooledConnectionPool.java:137)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.doAcquire(BasicResourcePool.java:1014)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.access$800(BasicResourcePool.java:32)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask.run(BasicResourcePool.java:1810)
at com.mchange.v2.async.ThreadPoolAsynchronousRunner$PoolThread.run(ThreadPoolAsynchronousRunner.java:547)
Mar 16, 2011 12:29:13 AM com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask run
WARNING: com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask@cad437 -- Acquisition Attempt Failed!!! Clearing pending acquires. While trying to acquire a needed new resource, we failed to succeed more than the maximum number of allowed acquisition attempts (30). Last acquisition attempt exception:
java.lang.NullPointerException
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.getProtocol(Unknown Source)
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.knownURL(Unknown Source)
at sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver.acceptsURL(Unknown Source)
at java.sql.DriverManager.getDriver(Unknown Source)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.DriverManagerDataSource.driver(DriverManagerDataSource.java:224)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.DriverManagerDataSource.getConnection(DriverManagerDataSource.java:120)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.getPooledConnection(WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.java:143)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.getPooledConnection(WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource.java:132)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.C3P0PooledConnectionPool$1PooledConnectionResourcePoolManager.acquireResource(C3P0PooledConnectionPool.java:137)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.doAcquire(BasicResourcePool.java:1014)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.access$800(BasicResourcePool.java:32)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool$AcquireTask.run(BasicResourcePool.java:1810)
at com.mchange.v2.async.ThreadPoolAsynchronousRunner$PoolThread.run(ThreadPoolAsynchronousRunner.java:547)
29994 [http-8081-3] WARN org.hibernate.cfg.SettingsFactory - Could not obtain connection to query metadata
java.sql.SQLException: Connections could not be acquired from the underlying database!
at com.mchange.v2.sql.SqlUtils.toSQLException(SqlUtils.java:106)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.C3P0PooledConnectionPool.checkoutPooledConnection(C3P0PooledConnectionPool.java:529)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.AbstractPoolBackedDataSource.getConnection(AbstractPoolBackedDataSource.java:128)
at org.hibernate.connection.C3P0ConnectionProvider.getConnection(C3P0ConnectionProvider.java:78)
at org.hibernate.cfg.SettingsFactory.buildSettings(SettingsFactory.java:114)
at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSettingsInternal(Configuration.java:2163)
at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSettings(Configuration.java:2159)
at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSessionFactory(Configuration.java:1383)
at com.hposg.hibernate.util.HibernateUtil.buildSessionFactory(HibernateUtil.java:12)
at com.hposg.hibernate.util.HibernateUtil.<clinit>(HibernateUtil.java:7)
at com.hposg.login.LoginFactory.doLogin(LoginFactory.java:25)
at com.hposg.controller.struts.LoginAction.execute(LoginAction.java:59)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Unknown Source)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invokeAction(DefaultActionInvocation.java:441)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invokeActionOnly(DefaultActionInvocation.java:280)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:243)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.doIntercept(DefaultWorkflowInterceptor.java:165)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(ValidationInterceptor.java:252)
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.AnnotationValidationInterceptor.doIntercept(AnnotationValidationInterceptor.java:68)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ConversionErrorInterceptor.intercept(ConversionErrorInterceptor.java:122)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:195)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ParametersInterceptor.doIntercept(ParametersInterceptor.java:195)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.StaticParametersInterceptor.intercept(StaticParametersInterceptor.java:179)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.MultiselectInterceptor.intercept(MultiselectInterceptor.java:75)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.CheckboxInterceptor.intercept(CheckboxInterceptor.java:94)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.FileUploadInterceptor.intercept(FileUploadInterceptor.java:235)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ModelDrivenInterceptor.java:89)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.intercept(ScopedModelDrivenInterceptor.java:130)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.debugging.DebuggingInterceptor.intercept(DebuggingInterceptor.java:267)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ChainingInterceptor.intercept(ChainingInterceptor.java:126)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.PrepareInterceptor.doIntercept(PrepareInterceptor.java:138)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.MethodFilterInterceptor.intercept(MethodFilterInterceptor.java:87)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.I18nInterceptor.intercept(I18nInterceptor.java:165)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ServletConfigInterceptor.intercept(ServletConfigInterceptor.java:164)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor.intercept(AliasInterceptor.java:179)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.ExceptionMappingInterceptor.intercept(ExceptionMappingInterceptor.java:176)
at com.opensymphony.xwork2.DefaultActionInvocation.invoke(DefaultActionInvocation.java:237)
at org.apache.struts2.impl.StrutsActionProxy.execute(StrutsActionProxy.java:52)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.Dispatcher.serviceAction(Dispatcher.java:488)
at org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher.doFilter(FilterDispatcher.java:395)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:235)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:206)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:233)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:191)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:128)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:102)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:109)
at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:286)
at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.process(Http11Processor.java:845)
at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol$Http11ConnectionHandler.process(Http11Protocol.java:583)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$Worker.run(JIoEndpoint.java:447)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
Caused by: com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.CannotAcquireResourceException: A ResourcePool could not acquire a resource from its primary factory or source.
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.awaitAvailable(BasicResourcePool.java:1319)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.prelimCheckoutResource(BasicResourcePool.java:557)
at com.mchange.v2.resourcepool.BasicResourcePool.checkoutResource(BasicResourcePool.java:477)
at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.C3P0PooledConnectionPool.checkoutPooledConnection(C3P0PooledConnectionPool.java:525)
... 74 more
最佳答案
显然,你做对了。但这里列出了您需要的内容以及来自工作应用程序的示例:
1) META-INF 中的 context.xml 文件,指定您的数据源:
<Context>
<Resource
name="jdbc/DsWebAppDB"
auth="Container"
type="javax.sql.DataSource"
username="sa"
password=""
driverClassName="org.h2.Driver"
url="jdbc:h2:mem:target/test/db/h2/hibernate"
maxActive="8"
maxIdle="4"/>
</Context>
2) web.xml 告诉容器你正在使用这个资源:
<resource-env-ref>
<resource-env-ref-name>jdbc/DsWebAppDB</resource-env-ref-name>
<resource-env-ref-type>javax.sql.DataSource</resource-env-ref-type>
</resource-env-ref>
3) 使用数据源的 hibernate 配置。在这种情况下,它是一个 persistence.xml,但在 hibernate.cfg.xml
<persistence-unit name="dswebapp">
<provider>org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence</provider>
<properties>
<property name="hibernate.dialect" value="org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect" />
<property name="hibernate.connection.datasource" value="java:comp/env/jdbc/DsWebAppDB"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
关于java - 配置hibernate通过JNDI数据源连接数据库,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5303671/
我主要使用Ruby来执行此操作,但到目前为止我的攻击计划如下:使用gemsrdf、rdf-rdfa和rdf-microdata或mida来解析给定任何URI的数据。我认为最好映射到像schema.org这样的统一模式,例如使用这个yaml文件,它试图描述数据词汇表和opengraph到schema.org之间的转换:#SchemaXtoschema.orgconversion#data-vocabularyDV:name:namestreet-address:streetAddressregion:addressRegionlocality:addressLocalityphoto:i
尝试通过RVM将RubyGems升级到版本1.8.10并出现此错误:$rvmrubygemslatestRemovingoldRubygemsfiles...Installingrubygems-1.8.10forruby-1.9.2-p180...ERROR:Errorrunning'GEM_PATH="/Users/foo/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p180:/Users/foo/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p180@global:/Users/foo/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p180:/Users/foo/.rvm/gems/rub
我正在使用puppet为ruby程序提供一组常量。我需要提供一组主机名,我的程序将对其进行迭代。在我之前使用的bash脚本中,我只是将它作为一个puppet变量hosts=>"host1,host2"我将其提供给bash脚本作为HOSTS=显然这对ruby不太适用——我需要它的格式hosts=["host1","host2"]自从phosts和putsmy_array.inspect提供输出["host1","host2"]我希望使用其中之一。不幸的是,我终其一生都无法弄清楚如何让它发挥作用。我尝试了以下各项:我发现某处他们指出我需要在函数调用前放置“function_”……这
我正在编写一个gem,我必须在其中fork两个启动两个webrick服务器的进程。我想通过基类的类方法启动这个服务器,因为应该只有这两个服务器在运行,而不是多个。在运行时,我想调用这两个服务器上的一些方法来更改变量。我的问题是,我无法通过基类的类方法访问fork的实例变量。此外,我不能在我的基类中使用线程,因为在幕后我正在使用另一个不是线程安全的库。所以我必须将每个服务器派生到它自己的进程。我用类变量试过了,比如@@server。但是当我试图通过基类访问这个变量时,它是nil。我读到在Ruby中不可能在分支之间共享类变量,对吗?那么,还有其他解决办法吗?我考虑过使用单例,但我不确定这是
我有一个在Linux服务器上运行的ruby脚本。它不使用rails或任何东西。它基本上是一个命令行ruby脚本,可以像这样传递参数:./ruby_script.rbarg1arg2如何将参数抽象到配置文件(例如yaml文件或其他文件)中?您能否举例说明如何做到这一点?提前谢谢你。 最佳答案 首先,您可以运行一个写入YAML配置文件的独立脚本:require"yaml"File.write("path_to_yaml_file",[arg1,arg2].to_yaml)然后,在您的应用中阅读它:require"yaml"arg
我的最终目标是安装当前版本的RubyonRails。我在OSXMountainLion上运行。到目前为止,这是我的过程:已安装的RVM$\curl-Lhttps://get.rvm.io|bash-sstable检查已知(我假设已批准)安装$rvmlistknown我看到当前的稳定版本可用[ruby-]2.0.0[-p247]输入命令安装$rvminstall2.0.0-p247注意:我也试过这些安装命令$rvminstallruby-2.0.0-p247$rvminstallruby=2.0.0-p247我很快就无处可去了。结果:$rvminstall2.0.0-p247Search
我真的很习惯使用Ruby编写以下代码:my_hash={}my_hash['test']=1Java中对应的数据结构是什么? 最佳答案 HashMapmap=newHashMap();map.put("test",1);我假设? 关于java-等价于Java中的RubyHash,我们在StackOverflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22737685/
我在理解Enumerator.new方法的工作原理时遇到了一些困难。假设文档中的示例:fib=Enumerator.newdo|y|a=b=1loopdoy[1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55]循环中断条件在哪里,它如何知道循环应该迭代多少次(因为它没有任何明确的中断条件并且看起来像无限循环)? 最佳答案 Enumerator使用Fibers在内部。您的示例等效于:require'fiber'fiber=Fiber.newdoa=b=1loopdoFiber.yieldaa,b=b,a+bendend10.times.m
我已经在Sinatra上创建了应用程序,它代表了一个简单的API。我想在生产和开发上进行部署。我想在部署时选择,是开发还是生产,一些方法的逻辑应该改变,这取决于部署类型。是否有任何想法,如何完成以及解决此问题的一些示例。例子:我有代码get'/api/test'doreturn"Itisdev"end但是在部署到生产环境之后我想在运行/api/test之后看到ItisPROD如何实现? 最佳答案 根据SinatraDocumentation:EnvironmentscanbesetthroughtheRACK_ENVenvironm
有时我需要处理键/值数据。我不喜欢使用数组,因为它们在大小上没有限制(很容易不小心添加超过2个项目,而且您最终需要稍后验证大小)。此外,0和1的索引变成了魔数(MagicNumber),并且在传达含义方面做得很差(“当我说0时,我的意思是head...”)。散列也不合适,因为可能会不小心添加额外的条目。我写了下面的类来解决这个问题:classPairattr_accessor:head,:taildefinitialize(h,t)@head,@tail=h,tendend它工作得很好并且解决了问题,但我很想知道:Ruby标准库是否已经带有这样一个类? 最佳