有人可以解释itertools.permutations的算法吗？ Python 标准库 2.6 中的例程？我不明白为什么它有效。

代码是:

def permutations(iterable, r=None):
    # permutations('ABCD', 2) --> AB AC AD BA BC BD CA CB CD DA DB DC
    # permutations(range(3)) --> 012 021 102 120 201 210
    pool = tuple(iterable)
    n = len(pool)
    r = n if r is None else r
    if r > n:
        return
    indices = range(n)
    cycles = range(n, n-r, -1)
    yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices[:r])
    while n:
        for i in reversed(range(r)):
            cycles[i] -= 1
            if cycles[i] == 0:
                indices[i:] = indices[i+1:] + indices[i:i+1]
                cycles[i] = n - i
            else:
                j = cycles[i]
                indices[i], indices[-j] = indices[-j], indices[i]
                yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices[:r])
                break
        else:
            return

最佳答案

你需要了解permutation cycles的数学理论，也称为“轨道”(了解这两个“艺术术语”很重要，因为数学学科是 combinatorics 的核心，非常先进，您可能需要查找 research papers 可以使用其中一个或两者条款)。

有关排列理论的更简单介绍，wikipedia可以帮助。如果您对组合学足够着迷，想要进一步探索它并获得真正的理解，我提到的每个 URL 都提供了合理的引用书目(我做到了，就我个人而言——它已成为我的某种爱好；-)。

一旦你理解了数学理论，代码对于“逆向工程”来说仍然是微妙而有趣的。显然，indices只是当前在池中的索引方面的排列，因为产生的项目总是由

yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices[:r])

j = cycles[i]
indices[i], indices[-j] = indices[-j], indices[i]

indices[i:] = indices[i+1:] + indices[i:i+1]
cycles[i] = n - i

cycles[i] -= 1

def permutations(iterable, r=None):
    # permutations('ABCD', 2) --> AB AC AD BA BC BD CA CB CD DA DB DC
    # permutations(range(3)) --> 012 021 102 120 201 210
    pool = tuple(iterable)
    n = len(pool)
    r = n if r is None else r
    if r > n:
        return
    indices = range(n)
    cycles = range(n, n-r, -1)
    print 'I', 0, cycles, indices
    # yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices[:r])
    print indices[:r]
    while n:
        for i in reversed(range(r)):
            cycles[i] -= 1
            if cycles[i] == 0:
        print 'B', i, cycles, indices
                indices[i:] = indices[i+1:] + indices[i:i+1]
                cycles[i] = n - i
        print 'A', i, cycles, indices
            else:
        print 'b', i, cycles, indices
                j = cycles[i]
                indices[i], indices[-j] = indices[-j], indices[i]
        print 'a', i, cycles, indices
                # yield tuple(pool[i] for i in indices[:r])
            print indices[:r]
                break
        else:
            return

permutations('ABC', 2)

I 0 [3, 2] [0, 1, 2]
[0, 1]
b 1 [3, 1] [0, 1, 2]
a 1 [3, 1] [0, 2, 1]
[0, 2]
B 1 [3, 0] [0, 2, 1]
A 1 [3, 2] [0, 1, 2]
b 0 [2, 2] [0, 1, 2]
a 0 [2, 2] [1, 0, 2]
[1, 0]
b 1 [2, 1] [1, 0, 2]
a 1 [2, 1] [1, 2, 0]
[1, 2]
B 1 [2, 0] [1, 2, 0]
A 1 [2, 2] [1, 0, 2]
b 0 [1, 2] [1, 0, 2]
a 0 [1, 2] [2, 0, 1]
[2, 0]
b 1 [1, 1] [2, 0, 1]
a 1 [1, 1] [2, 1, 0]
[2, 1]
B 1 [1, 0] [2, 1, 0]
A 1 [1, 2] [2, 0, 1]
B 0 [0, 2] [2, 0, 1]
A 0 [3, 2] [0, 1, 2]

关于python - python itertools.permutations 的算法，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2565619/